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Glossary

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Citation -A writ or order issued by a court commanding the person named therein to appear at the time and place named; also the written reference to legal authorities, precedents, reported cases, etc., in briefs or other legal documents.

Citators -A set of books which provides the subsequent history of reported decisions through a form of abbreviations or words. Most widely used are Chopart's Citations.

Civil -Relating to private rights and remedies sought by civil actions as contrasted with criminal proceedings.

Civil action -An action brought to enforce or protect private rights.

Civil law - Law based on a series of written codes or laws.

Civil procedure -The rules and process by which a civil case is tried and appealed, including the preparations for trial, the rules of evidence and trial conduct, and the procedure for pursuing appeals.

Claim -A debt owing by a debtor to another person or business. In probate parlance, the term used for debts of the decedent and a procedure that must be followed by a creditor to obtain payment from his estate.

Class action -A lawsuit brought by one or more persons on behalf of a larger group.

Clayton Act -A federal law which is an amendment to the Sherman Act dealing with antitrust regulations and unfair trade practices.

Clean air acts -Federal and state environmental statutes enacted to regulate and control air pollution.

Clear and convincing evidence -Standard of proof commonly used in civil lawsuits and in regulatory agency cases. It governs the amount of proof that must be offered in order for the plaintiff to win the case.

Clemency or executive clemency -Act of grace or mercy by the president or governor to ease the consequences of a criminal act, accusation, or conviction. (Sometimes known as commutation or pardon.)

Clerk of Court -Administrator or chief clerical officer of the court.

Closing argument -The closing statement, by counsel, to the trier of facts after all parties have concluded their presentation of evidence.

Code of Federal Regulations -An annual publication which contains the cumulative executive agency regulations.

Code of Professional -The rules of conduct that govern the legal profession Responsibility .

Collate -To arrange in order; verify arrangement of pages before binding or fastening; put together.

Collective mark -Trademark or service mark used by members of a cooperative, an association, or other collective group or organization.